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- Haloes Forecast Storms NEWSCIENCE
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-
- If you know where and when to look, you can treat yourself
- to a colourful display of atmospheric haloes, spots and
- pillars. These images can tell you something about the
- clouds overhead and possible changes in the weather.
-
- All of these images are created by light shining through
- cirrostratus clouds. These clouds occur at an altitude of
- 6,000-12,000 metres. They appear as a thin sheet or layer
- (strata) that is pure white. The layer of cloud is so
- thin (only 100-450 metres) that is doesn't obscure the sun
- or moon, so you should be able to see your shadow.
-
- Cirrostratus is made of many types of ice crystals.
- However, four crystal shapes are responsible for producing
- most of the commonly see haloes-plate crystals, columns,
- capped columns and bullets.
-
- The most obvious halo is found around the sun. If the
- layer of cirrostratus is extensive, you'll see an entire
- ring. Within the layer of cloud, sunlight is striking and
- passing through the sides of randomly-oriented ice
- crystals. As the sunlight passes through each crystal,
- the light changes direction, or refracts. The radius of
- the hale depends on the amount of change in the direction
- of the sun's light. Usually this is 22 degrees. Since
- the sun is 1/2 of a degree across, the radius of the halo
- is 44 sun-widths. Occasionally you may see a second halo
- at 46 degrees from the sun (that is, with a radius of 92
- sun-widths). This is produced by sunlight passing through
- both the side and bottom of each crystal. Moonlight will
- also produce a halo, around the moon, with the proper
- layer of cirrostatus.
-
- Another common optical effect is known as "mock suns" or
- "sun dogs" or "parhelia" (Greek for "with the sun").
- These bright spots on either side of the sun, outside of
- the halo, occur when sunlight passes through the sides of
- capped columns, bullets and plate crystals, when these
- crystals are arranged with their sides vertical. The
- crystals wobble, diffusing and smearing the colours of the
- mock sun.
-
- You can see haloes and mock suns more clearly if you block
- out your view of the real sun by holding your hand in
- front of it at arm's length. Another spectactular optical
- effect is the solar pillar. This is a vertical shaft of
- light the same colour as the sun stretching upwards from
- the sun and is most often seen at sunset or sunrise. It's
- produced by sunlight reflecting of the base of plate and
- capped column crystals in the clouds. You can also see
- pillars in an ice fog, when it's illuminated by
- streelights, or airport runway lights, for instance.
-
- The appearance of all these optical images is a good
- indication that the weather will change. Strong vertical
- air currents associated with low pressure storms carry
- moist air skyward, where the water freezes. High speed
- winds above the storm system push the ice crystals on
- ahead. When you see haloes around the sun or moon, you
- can be sure of two things-there are cirrostratus clounds
- above and, in a day or two, the skies will darken with an
- approaching storm.
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